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08/27

Reflexive Verbs

Verbs ending in -ся / -сь

Reflexive verbs end in -ся (after a consonant) or -сь (after a vowel). The suffix does more than English 'oneself': it marks true reflexives, reciprocals, passives, and verbs that don't exist without -ся at all. Four jobs, one suffix.

What -ся does#

A cat grooming itself; the action turns back on the subject

The reflexive ending -ся attaches to a verb at the very end, after all other inflections. Historically it's a contracted form of the reflexive pronoun себя (oneself), and once you see that, every modern use makes sense as a variation on "the action turns back on the subject" or "the subject is also the object".

-ся covers four jobs, all derived from that one idea: true reflexive (subject acts on itself), reciprocal (subjects act on each other), passive (subject undergoes the action), and intrinsic / lexicalised (the verb just has -ся with no transitive partner: бояться, смеяться, нравиться). The same form does all four jobs; context picks which one.

Conjugating a reflexive verb#

Conjugate the verb as if it weren't reflexive, then append the reflexive ending. After a consonant ending, attach -ся. After a vowel ending, attach -сь. The full present paradigm has both forms within it.

Reflexive present paradigm: three verbs
умываться
to wash oneself
встречаться
to meet (reciprocal)
смеяться
to laugh
яумываюсьвстречаюсьсмеюсь
тыумываешьсявстречаешьсясмеёшься
он / она / оноумываетсявстречаетсясмеётся
мыумываемсявстречаемсясмеёмся
выумываетесьвстречаетесьсмеётесь
ониумываютсявстречаютсясмеются

Notice the pattern row by row: я → -сь (after vowel -ю/-у), ты → -ся (after consonant -шь, where ь counts as soft consonant), он/она/оно → -ся, мы → -ся, вы → -сь (after vowel -е), они → -ся. The rule is mechanical once you spot it.

Reflexive past tense#

The same vowel-vs-consonant rule applies in the past. The reflexive ending attaches after the gender/number suffix; m sg ends in consonant -л, so it takes -ся; the others end in vowels, so they take -сь.

Reflexive past paradigm
смеяться
to laugh
бояться
to fear
ясмеялся / смеяласьбоялся / боялась
тысмеялся / смеяласьбоялся / боялась
он / она / оносмеялся · смеялась · смеялосьбоялся · боялась · боялось
мысмеялисьбоялись
высмеялисьбоялись
онисмеялисьбоялись

Four flavours of -ся#

The same ending packs four different jobs. Tell them apart by what the subject is doing:

A bear scratching its own back against a tree; the action turned on itself
TypeSense + example
True reflexive
subject acts on itself: он умывается (he washes)
Reciprocal
subjects act on each other: они встречаются (they meet)
Passive
subject undergoes: дом строится (the house is being built)
Intrinsic
verb only exists with -ся: я боюсь (I'm afraid)
Same verb: without and with -ся

Мама открывает дверь.

Mum opens the door. (transitive, direct object дверь)

Дверь открывается.

The door opens. (same verb + -ся → no agent, the door just opens)

Examples

Она одевается быстро.

She dresses quickly. (true reflexive)

Мы целуемся при встрече.

We kiss each other on meeting. (reciprocal)

Книга читается легко.

The book reads easily. (passive / inchoative)

Verbs that only exist reflexively#

A small set of high-frequency verbs simply has -ся built in. There's no non-reflexive partner, and the -ся isn't doing reflexive work; it's just part of the verb's identity. Three patterns of meaning recur:

SenseVerbs
Emotion / state
бояться, смеяться, улыбаться, удивляться, надеяться
Liking / impression
нравиться, казаться, оказываться
Becoming / change
становиться, растись, оставаться
Examples

Я боюсь темноты.

I'm afraid of the dark.

Мне нравится этот фильм.

I like this film. (lit. 'this film is pleasing to me')

Он казался усталым.

He seemed tired.

Я надеюсь на это.

I'm hoping for that.

Passive with -ся#

For imperfective verbs, -ся is the standard way to make a passive. The agent (the doer) is usually omitted; if mentioned, it appears in the instrumental case. Perfective passives prefer the past passive participle plus быть instead. See the Participles chapter.

Examples

Книга пишется годом.

The book is being written over the course of a year.

Здесь строится новая школа.

A new school is being built here.

Эта статья читается часто.

This article is read often.

The reflexive passive sits between true passive and "the thing is such that one X-es it", much like English "the book reads easily" or "the door opens automatically". The Russian form is one structural step beyond: -ся does the work of both the reflexive and the middle-voice pattern.

Verbs that show this

All verbs

Frequently asked questions

What are reflexive verbs in Russian?

Verbs ending in -ся (after a consonant) or -сь (after a vowel). The -ся originates from the reflexive pronoun себя́ ('oneself'), but in modern Russian it covers true reflexives (мы́ться = wash oneself), reciprocals (встреча́ться = meet each other), passives (стро́ится = is being built), and verbs that have no non-reflexive form (боя́ться, нра́виться).

Are all Russian reflexive verbs reflexive in meaning?

No, that's the trap. About half of -ся verbs aren't reflexive in the English sense. Боя́ться is 'to fear', not 'to fear oneself'. Нра́виться is 'to please / be liked', not 'to please oneself'. The -ся is a fossilized morpheme, not always semantically reflexive.

When is it -ся and when -сь?

Phonological rule: -ся after a consonant (учи́ться, мы́лся), -сь after a vowel (учу́сь, мы́лась). The pattern is automatic across the whole paradigm; once you know the rule, every form follows.

Can I add -ся to any verb?

No. Many verbs have no reflexive form (быть, есть, мочь). Others change meaning dramatically when -ся attaches: учи́ть = teach, учи́ться = study; находи́ть = find, находи́ться = be located. Learn each reflexive pair as its own lexical item.

Why are some Russian verbs only reflexive?

They lost their non-reflexive counterpart long ago, or never had one. Боя́ться, смея́ться, нра́виться, наде́яться, остава́ться don't have non-reflexive twins in modern Russian. The -ся has fused so completely with the root that the verb wouldn't work without it.

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