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Participles

Verbal adjectives

Participles are verbs that act like adjectives: they decline for gender, number, and case. Russian has four kinds, generated from aspect (perfective/imperfective) and voice (active/passive). Avoided in everyday speech but essential for reading.

What participles are#

A frog librarian intently reading: a verb behaving as an adjective

A participle takes a verb and lets it modify a noun. Russian participles decline like adjectives, agreeing with the head noun in gender, number, and case: читающий студент "the student who is reading", прочитанная книга "the (already) read book". They're extremely common in written Russian (news, fiction, legal text, academic writing) and rare in casual speech.

The Russian system is symmetric: two aspects (imperfective, perfective) cross with two voices (active, passive) to produce four participle types. Active participles describe the one doing the action; passive participles describe the thing the action is done to. Present tense is built from imperfective stems; past tense from perfective stems (mostly).

Four kinds#

KindSuffix(es)ExampleSense
Active present
-ущ- / -ющ- / -ащ- / -ящ-
читающий
the one (currently) reading
Active past
-вш- / -ш-
читавший
the one who was reading
Passive present
-ем- / -им- / -ом-
читаемый
being read
Passive past
-нн- / -енн- / -т-
прочитанный
(already) read

The matrix is simple in principle but each cell has spelling subtleties (which suffix variant after which stem, where stress lands, whether the verb supplies a passive at all). Below we walk through each kind in turn.

Active present#

Formed from imperfective verbs only. Take the они-form, drop -т, add -щ- + adjective endings: читают → читающий, говорят → говорящий, идут → идущий, видят → видящий. The vowel before -щ- is whatever the они-form had (у/ю for 1st conj, а/я for 2nd conj).

VerbConj.они́-formActive present
читать1 (e-)читаютчитающий
идти1 (e-)идутидущий
писать1 (e-)пишутпишущий
говорить2 (и-)говорятговорящий
видеть2 (и-)видятвидящий
любить2 (и-)любятлюбящий
Examples

Я вижу читающего студента.

I see a (currently) reading student.

Спящий ребёнок улыбается.

The sleeping child is smiling.

Active past#

Formed from both aspects. Take the masculine past form (-л), drop -л, add -вш- + adjective endings: читал → читавший, прочитал → прочитавший. If the past form has no -л (the -чь/-ти group: нёс, мог), use -ш- instead: нёс → нёсший, мог → могший.

VerbAspectPast (m)Active past
читатьipfчиталчитавший
прочитатьpfпрочиталпрочитавший
написатьpfнаписалнаписавший
говоритьipfговорилговоривший
нестиipfнёснёсший
мочьipfмогмогший
Examples

Студент, прочитавший книгу, поехал домой.

The student who had read the book went home.

Человек, написавший этот роман, умер.

The person who wrote this novel has died.

Passive participles#

The passive present uses -ем- (1st conj), -им- (2nd conj), or rare -ом-, formed from a мы-form base: читаем → читаемый (being read), любим → любимый (loved, beloved). Only transitive imperfective verbs form it cleanly, so the passive present is much rarer than the active present.

The passive past uses -нн-, -енн-, or -т- and is formed from perfective transitive verbs. -нн- attaches to -ать verbs (прочитать → прочитанный), -енн- to -ить verbs (купить → купленный (note the labial mutation), -т- to a small set of mostly monosyllabic verbs (открыть → открытый, выпить → выпитый). This is the most common type; every newspaper headline ends in one of these.

A hedgehog being groomed by another: the action is done to the subject
Passive present (rare, only transitive imperfective verbs)
VerbConj.мы-formPassive present
читать1 (e-)читаемчитаемый
делать1 (e-)делаемделаемый
видеть2 (и-)видимвидимый
любить2 (и-)любимлюбимый
Passive past (the most common type)
Verb (pf)SuffixWhyPassive past
прочитать-нн-after -атьпрочитанный
сделать-нн-after -атьсделанный
купить-енн-after -ить (+ mutation)купленный
построить-енн-after -итьпостроенный
открыть-т-monosyllabic / -ытьоткрытый
выпить-т-monosyllabic / вы-pfвыпитый
Examples

Прочитанная книга лежит на столе.

The (already) read book lies on the table.

Открытая дверь.

An open door (one that has been opened).

Любимый фильм.

A beloved film.

Short-form passive participles#

Passive past participles have short forms that serve as the predicate of a passive sentence, like English "the door is opened" vs "the opened door". The short form drops the long adjective ending and inflects only for gender and number: открыт, открыта, открыто, открыты; прочитан, прочитана, прочитано, прочитаны.

Examples

Дверь открыта.

The door is open(ed).

Книга прочитана.

The book has been read.

Магазин был закрыт.

The shop was closed.

Register and the который alternative#

In casual speech, Russians almost always rephrase long-form participles with a relative clause headed by который (who/which). The participle is not ungrammatical in speech; it just feels overly formal or bookish, like English "the man having read the book". Recognising the four shapes when you read is the practical priority; producing them on the fly comes later.

Literary (participle)Casual (relative clause)
читающий студент
студент, который читает
прочитанная книга
книга, которую прочитали
видящий мир
тот, кто видит мир

Adverbial participles (the gerunds) are a separate but related category; see the Gerunds chapter for the -я / -в forms.

Verbs that show this

All verbs

Frequently asked questions

What are Russian participles?

Verbal adjectives that decline like adjectives but carry verbal meaning and aspect. Four kinds: active present (чита́ющий = '[the one] reading'), active past (чита́вший = '[the one] who read'), passive present (чита́емый = 'being read'), passive past (прочи́танный = 'having been read'). Mostly literary in modern speech; essential for reading texts.

How do I form Russian active participles?

Active present: take the 3pl present form, replace -т with -щий, so чита́ют → чита́ющий. Active past: take the past-tense masculine -л, replace with -вший, so чита́л → чита́вший. Both decline like ordinary adjectives.

How do I form Russian passive participles?

Passive present (rare in modern Russian): -ем-/-им- + adjective endings, so чита́ть → чита́емый. Passive past (much more common): from perfective verbs with -нн-/-енн-/-т- + adjective endings, so прочита́ть → прочи́танный, написа́ть → напи́санный, сде́лать → сде́ланный.

Are participles used in everyday Russian?

Active past participles and passive past participles do appear in everyday speech, especially in noun-modifying contexts: 'the read book' (прочи́танная кни́га), 'a person who came' (прише́дший челове́к). Active present participles sound more literary; spoken Russian often replaces them with a который-clause.

Can imperfective verbs form passive past participles?

Rarely. Imperfective passive past participles are theoretically derivable but almost never used. The four-participle system effectively reduces to three productive forms (active present, active past, passive past, the last of these from perfective verbs). Passive present is also marginal.

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