Уменка
27/27

Instrumental Case

Means & company

The instrumental marks the means (what you do something with), company (with с), a profession after стать/работать/быть, plus spatial prepositions and times. This chapter covers its endings, the feminine -ью form, and why “Он был врачом” takes the instrumental.

What it does#

The instrumental (творительный падеж) has no single English equivalent. Its core meaning is "by means of": the tool you do something with. It answers кем? (by whom?) and чем? (with what?). It also marks company (with с), a profession, and several spatial relations.

Examples

Я пишу ручкой.

I'm writing with a pen.

Я иду с другом.

I'm going with a friend.

Она работает учителем.

She works as a teacher.

The endings#

Masculine and neuter take -ом/-ем, feminine takes -ой/-ей. The one form to watch is the feminine -ь ending, which becomes -ью.

Masculine
NominativeInstrumentalPattern
стол
столом
consonant → -ом
словарь
словарём
-ь → -ём/-ем
Neuter
NominativeInstrumentalPattern
окно
окном
-о → -ом
море
морем
-е → -ем
Feminine
NominativeInstrumentalPattern
книга
книгой
-а → -ой
неделя
неделей
-я → -ей
дверь
дверью
-ь → -ью
Plural (all genders)
NominativeInstrumentalPattern
стол
столами
-ами
книга
книгами
-ами
окно
окнами
-ами
словарь
словарями
-ями
море
морями
-ями
A beaver writing with a large quill pen (the means / instrument)

Where you use it#

1. Means: the tool, no preposition: писать ручкой, ехать поездом.
2. Company, with с: с другом, кофе с молоком.
3. Profession / role, after стать, работать, быть (past/future): стать врачом.
4. Spatial prepositions: над, под, перед, за, между.
5. Time: parts of the day and seasons: утром, зимой.

Examples

Кошка спит под столом.

The cat sleeps under the table.

Зимой часто холодно.

In winter it's often cold.

Two foxes walking arm in arm down a path (accompaniment, with)

Predicate: now vs. then#

"X is a Y" sentences shift case with the tense. In the present, быть is dropped and the predicate stays nominative. In the past and future, быть reappears and the predicate switches to the instrumental:

Examples

Он врач.

He is a doctor. (present, nominative)

Он был врачом.

He was a doctor. (past, instrumental)

врач → врачом as soon as был appears. That's the last of the six cases, the cases overview pulls the whole system together.

Common mistakes#

Dropping с for company. "I'm going with a friend" needs the preposition: с другом. Without it, другом alone would read as "by means of a friend".

Using -ой on feminine -ь nouns. They end in -ью: дверью, матерью, not дверой.

Keeping the profession nominative after был. Past and future need the instrumental: он был врачом, not он был врач.

We use privacy-friendly analytics to see how the site is used and make it better. Privacy